Liquid Penetrant
Testing
Liquid Penetrant Testing
Commonly used PT Formula are provided for reference
Classification of Penetrant Materials
| Type | Material |
|---|---|
| I | Fluorescent Penetrant |
| II | Visible Penetrant |
Classification of Penetrant Materials
| Type I - Fluorescent Penetrant Examination | |
|---|---|
| Method A | Water Washable (water temperature range between 50°F to 100°F (10°C to 38°C) |
| Method B | Post Emulsifiable (lipophilic) |
| Method C | Solvent Removable |
| Method D | Post Emulsifiable (hydrophilic) |
| Type II - Visible Penetrant Examination | |
| Method A | Water Washable |
| Method C | Solvent Removable |
Classification of Developer forms
| Form | Developer |
|---|---|
| Form a | Dry powder |
| Form b | Water Soluble |
| Form c | Water Suspendable |
| Form d | Nonaqueous for Type I penetrant |
| Form e | Nonaqueous for Type II penetrant |
| Form f | Specific application |
Classification of Sensitivity Levels
| Level | Sensitivity Type |
|---|---|
| 1/2 | Very low |
| 1 | Low |
| 2 | Medium |
| 3 | High |
| 4 | Ultrahigh |
Classification of Solvent Removers
| Class | Solvent Type |
|---|---|
| 1 | Halogenated |
| 2 | Non Halogenated |
Recommended Minimum Dwell Times
| Material | Form | Type of Discontinuity | Penetrant Dwell Times(minutes) | Developer Dwell Times (minutes) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aluminium, magnesium, steel, brass & bronze, titanium & high-temperature alloys | Casting & welds | Cold Shuts, porosity, lack of fusion, cracks (all forms) | 5 | 10 |
| Wrought materials | extrusions,forgings, plate | Laps, cracks (all forms) | 10 | 10 |
| Carbide-tipped tools | - | Lack of fusion, porosity, cracks | 5 | 10 |
| Plastic | All forms | Cracks | 5 | 10 |
| Glass | All forms | Cracks | 5 | 10 |
| Ceramic | All forms | Cracks | 5 | 10 |
Temperature range from 50°F to 125°F (10°C to 52°C). For temperature range between 40°F to 50°F (4.4°C to 10°C), recommended dwell time of 20 minutes.
Lighting Conditions
| Light | Intensity |
|---|---|
| Visible | 1076 lx or 100 fc (foot candles) |
| Black Light - Ultraviolet (UV-A) |
1000
𝝁W
cm2
10
W
m2
|
Penetrant Process Flow Chart
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